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加蓬位于中部非洲的大西洋海岸。赤道穿越，为赤道多雨气候,国土面积的85％为热带雨林所覆盖。首都和最大城市是利伯维尔。让蒂尔是加蓬重要的港口、矿业城市。 我是一名中石化员工，2008年9月，因我所属的中方公司上层与加蓬石油公司有合作项目，我和队友才有机会来到非洲加蓬国，在让蒂尔南部以伊根甲营地为中心，对周边岛屿和浅海地区进行了，为期五个多月的石油地震勘探施工作业。2008年10月17日，下午五时左右，营地遭遇了罕见的飓风袭击，将近一半的营地帐篷物资损毁，狂风夹着暴雨施虐了一个多小时，财物损失严重。暴雨还没有停止，留守在营地的值班领导和一些队友就开始冒雨抢救物资和进行自救。。。。。 虽然营地遭遇了飓风袭击，个人和公共财物也受到了损失，在这样那样的困难面前中国的石油工人没有退却，一边正常组织生产，一边积极开展营地自救自建，因为我们坚信用我们的铁人精神一定能够开创更美好的明天，胜利的彩虹一定会在风雨后重新升起。。。。。伊根甲准化营地鸟瞰图 飓风和台风都是指风速达到33米/秒以上的热带气旋，只是因发生的地域不同，才有了不同名称。出现在北太平洋西部和我国南海的强烈热带气旋被称为“台风”；发生在大西洋、墨西哥湾、加勒比海和北太平洋东部的则称“飓风”。飓风在一天之内就能释放出惊人的能量，气旋中心位置破坏力极强。 营地遭遇飓风袭击后的场景 伊根甲营地全景鸟揽 暴风雨中在营地的留守人员和刚从工地回来的一部分队员开始冒雨组织自救 刚才还躺在宿舍休息呢，这一阵飓风过后，就站在雨里了，估计还没回过神来，好在大家人身还算安全。左下角是被飓风刮倒的旗杆。。。。 暴雨中先抢救没有被淋透的行李和电器 营地一片狼藉，铁杆的天线也被飓风刮弯了。 帐篷被刮得七零八落 镜头前的这张床就是俺睡的，帐篷不知飞哪去了，床上的被褥和私人用品吹落了一地，蚊帐是从后边的空地上捡回来的，还不知道是不是我的。。。 雨小了，大家开始收拾残局。 这张不知是谁的家人照片，还静静的躺在雨水中。。。。 刚收工回来的员工立即投入现场进行自救 营地领导积极组织自救自建部分黑人员工也加入到自救队伍 自己动手重建家园([]
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陈坚顺Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享，俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦，俺先来个免责声明：1。杨同学不认识俺，也没有授权俺，如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止；2。俺没有商业目的，译版版权归杨同学，俺啥也不要，也不承担法律责任；3。没有杨同学授权，不敢擅自发在国外网站，发在原帖处，荣誉归8264；4。俺英语水平有限，欢迎指正，欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, "Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分，不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦，希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子，原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co， where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30)， 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birth([]
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陆毅昀质感强烈花盛开清丽高贵胡姬花园大门处 在北半球寒风凛冽时，新加坡永远却是夏天的模样，早晨出门会有淡淡凉意，到正午却是艳阳高照。到新加坡旅游，不能不看新加坡的国花---胡姫花。 胡姫花是新加坡的国花，其实就是兰花。东南亚通称兰花为胡姬花。新加坡人则称为“卓锦-万代兰”，因为侨居新加坡的亚美尼亚人卓锦女士在自己花园里培育而成。因花朵清丽端庄、生命力特强，它象征新加坡人的气质和刻苦耐劳、果敢奋斗的精神。 在新加坡观赏胡姬花非国家胡姬园莫属。 国家胡姬园（National Orchid Garden）坐落于新加坡植物园最高的山冈上，占地约四公顷，目前培育了超过2000多个品种的胡姬花。这里的胡姬花以全世界名女人来命名，包括造访新加坡的撒切尔夫人和戴安娜王妃，都可以在胡姬花园内找到同名的兰花品种。 其中最特别的是卓锦万代兰(Vanda Miss Joaquim)，其于1893年由卓锦（Miss Joaquim)在当地意外发现这款原生钟兰花，罕见独特，在1981年4月15日被定为新加坡国花。其花朵长约7厘米，宽约6.5厘米，浅紫红色的花瓣上布有深紫红斑点，中间部分为深玫瑰色，花管呈橙黄色，四季盛开，鲜艳动人，而且在恶劣的条件下，也能含芳吐艳。 园内60000多株色彩绚丽的胡姬花在热带植物的映衬下光彩夺目。缤纷的胡姬花与热带植物交相辉映，蜿蜒园中的台阶小路，领略春天的芬芳和传说中的繁花似锦。 众多的胡姬花，有的淡雅，有的娇艳，但不管怎样，胡姬花在骨子里都透出一种天生的高贵气质。 不管怎样，对于喜欢花草的人来说，漫步国家胡姬园赏花、拍花都是不错的选择。感受新加坡之一——漫步岛国看狮城 干净清新亦繁华（概述篇） https//bbs.8264.com/thread-2172957-1-1.html感受新加坡之二——休闲小岛走不停 亚洲最南寻风情（圣淘沙篇）https//bbs.8264.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2182169&page=1&extra=#pid50347652感受新加坡之三——参天巨树生满园热带风情绿无限（植物园篇）https//bbs.8264.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2231866&page=1&extra=#pid53500784感受新加坡之四——绿意充盈总统府世外桃源乌敏岛（总统府和乌敏岛篇）https//bbs.8264.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2253589&page=1&extra=#pid55203314感受新加坡之五——海风轻拂鱼尾狮 流光溢彩夜迟迟（滨海湾篇）https//bbs.8264.com/thread-2255988-1-1.html感受新加坡之七——小印度里寻缩影甘榜格南回族情（新加坡河等篇）https//bbs.8264.com/thread-2322447-1-1.html 感受新加坡之八——立体交通路纵横街道小区绿充盈（交通和街道篇）https//bbs.8264.com/thread-2326625-1-1.html 感受新加坡之九——狮城春节气息浓牛车水里最喜庆（春节和牛车水篇）https//bbs.8264.com/thread-2330106-1-1.html感受新加坡之十——方式灵活有初院 环境优美好校园（南初篇）https//bbs.8264.com/thread-2344728-1-1.html感受新加坡之十一——享誉全球名高校 环境优雅美校园（南大篇）https//bbs.8264.com/thread-2354269-1-1.html 新加坡胡姬花园在新加坡地图上的位置 园内的流水景观 花开艳丽 黄的温暖 蓝白相间 红的似火 低头迎客 艳丽无比 红红火火 室内的胡姬花 园区分布平面图 紫色是最多见的胡姬花之一 白色胡姬花也很多见 花开满园 黄色是最多见的胡姬花之一 园内处处花盛开 艳丽之花初初见 园内处处花盛开 黄的耀眼 阳光下的花儿 质感很强的胡姬花 花开朵朵 花色满园 满园花色 耀眼的花蕊 花开朵朵 独放花枝 热带风情浓郁的花草 花开满园关不住([]
五月停天下二区三区
李奕辰夏天（6月28日至8月26日），和朋友一起游历了巴基斯坦北部地区，并完成了喀喇昆仑山区K2大本营，以及snowlake两条经典徒步线路。旅程之奇幻，遭遇之惊险，徒步之艰辛，在我本人的旅程经历中前所未有，特此为记。 预先说明的是，这是个纯粹的户外帖，帖子里没有艳遇激情之类的八卦，也不会有0元穷游的嘘头。这里要讲述的，只是两个傻乎乎的老男人，不远千里结伴去喀喇昆仑，看雪山走冰川的艰苦故事。如果你和我们一样，喜欢徒步，喜欢看雪山美景，那么请相信，这个帖子的6.5万字、1500张照片和23段视频，一定不会让你失望。 （在巴基斯坦北部山区的行程示意图：其中红线是坐车走过的公路；蓝线是徒步线路上需要坐车的路段；黄线是K2大本营徒步线路；粉线是snowlake徒步线路。） 先大致列出行程表：6月28日－7月3日：北京出发，经银川、乌鲁木齐，抵达喀什与队友会合，7月3日到达塔什库尔干县；7月4日－7月15日：此次行程的第一部分，游历巴基斯坦北部山区：7月4日从塔什库尔干县经红其拉甫口岸出境，抵达巴基斯坦境内的边境口岸小镇sost，再往南经过堰塞湖，游览美丽的hunza，而后抵达北部地区首府Gilgit市；7月7日至10日，从Gilgit出发，往西抵达shandur pass山都垭口，观看著名的山都马球赛，期间很不幸遭遇球场骚乱，仓惶逃窜；7月11日至15日，到达徒步的起点城镇skardu，与徒步向导sharif会面，办理徒步许可证，游览skardu周边，并参观了当地什叶派穆斯林的阿舒拉节游行活动。 7月16日－27日：此次行程的第二部分，用时12天，完成徒步K2BC线路，抵达K2大本营并遇到了杨春风、饶剑峰、张京川在准备攀登K2，张梁、王静在攀登布洛阿特峰；而后艰难翻越了Gondogorola垭口，经hushey回到skardu。 7月28日－8月2日：休整，并往返gilgit办理证延期，未办理成功，返回skardu；8月3日－11日：此次行程的第三部分，用时9天，完成徒步snowlake线路，其间穿越了两条长度均在60公里左右的大冰川，抵达hunza。 8月12日－23日：此次行程的第四部分，从hunza出发，一路往南抵达巴基斯坦首都伊斯兰堡，办理证延期，并游览伊斯兰堡和古城拉合尔。8月24日－26日：伊斯兰堡经乌鲁木齐，飞回北京。 本帖各部分导读：第一部分：游历巴基斯坦北部：陌生的朋友：https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1430744-2-1.html第二部分：K2BC徒步：冰河世纪：https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1430744-26-1.html第三部分：snowlake徒步：喀喇昆仑密境：https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1430744-58-1.html第四部分：伊斯兰堡－拉合尔：迷失的国度：https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1430744-90-1.html尾声：夏夜晚风：https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1430744-106-1.html 在开始我们的旅程故事之前，先隆重推荐我们这次徒步的向导sharif。sharif是徒步起点城镇skardu当地人，今年36了，有一个儿子和女儿，年纪都很小。sharif家族三代都是登山和徒步向导，家传渊源，他对当地喀喇昆仑山区可谓了如指掌，非常熟悉。sharif为人友善，脾气很好，他组织的徒步服务团队成员，都是来自他家同一个村庄，在团队管理上没有什么问或矛盾，成员很友善乐观而且团结，还能有效控制成本。去年他接待了几拨中国游客，今年又接待了好几拨。由于政治原因，近几年来自西方的游客大幅减少，sharif也希望能迅速吸引更多中国游客，这次徒步过程中，他很认真地向我们学习中文，还有计划去伊斯兰堡学习中文，为将来更好地服务中国游客做准备。（sharif和他的儿子卡玛尔） 另外，还要介绍一下sharif的叔叔ali，我们都管他叫阿里叔叔。阿里叔叔是个很有意思的人，整天乐呵呵的很喜欢开玩笑，很好相处，在当地也是很有名的登山和徒步向导，LP上都有对他的推荐。阿里叔叔体力很好，带队经验丰富，经常和sharif一起带队。如果由他带队徒步，也是很愉快的事情。（阿里叔叔和卡玛尔） 此次行程相关注意事项：（注意事项比较多，如果不打算去徒步，可以跳过不看）1、证：按照巴基斯坦使馆网站的说法，为中国公民提供免费证，但是你需要提交一大堆材料，比较麻烦，而且证官还有可能挑刺，说白了，和证代理串通起来赚钱。如果你有耐心和时间，可以尝试和证官直接打交道（据说北京大使馆办理比较正规）。想省事，可以找证代理（淘宝上就可找到），只要提交护照和照片即可，其它任何材料都不用准备，价格大概在1000－1200左右，可以办理一个月的商务证或旅行证。需要说明的是，如果你觉得一个月旅行时间足够，那就办理一个月即可；如果不够，则和证代理沟通，争取办理两个月或3个月的。去年据说在巴基斯坦北部城市gilgit或skardu，都可以办理证延期，但是今年的政策发生了变化，skardu不能再办理证延期，gilgit也只办理旅行证的延期，最多给你延15天，而且审批很严格；商务证延期则必须到伊斯兰堡办理，要和各种官僚机构打交道，很麻烦。2、徒步季节：尼泊尔境内的喜马拉雅山区，最佳徒步时间是10月份、11月份和4月份，但是喀喇昆仑山区则完全不一样。这里的登山季节是7月份，徒步的最佳季节就是7－9月份，其它月份天气较差，要翻越垭口很困难。即便如此，在7－9月份徒步，遇到恶劣天气的可能性仍比较大。我们徒步这两条线路，都遇到了雨雪天气。据当地的向导说，今年7月份有5支队伍徒步snowlake线路，因天气原因，只有一支队伍成功翻越垭口完成了全程徒步，其它四支队伍都不得不半途而返。3、往返行程：从国内去喀喇昆仑山区徒步，可以选择飞到伊斯兰堡，再坐大巴过去，但是往返机票比较贵。如果走陆路，可以先到喀什，然后经塔什库尔干县，从红其拉甫口岸出境。喀什和塔县都有去巴基斯坦的国际大巴，到巴基斯坦境内的sost口岸。这样费用能节省很多，还可以顺便游览慕士塔格峰及巴基斯坦北部山区风光，就是时间比较长一点，我们就是这么走的。需要注意的是，塔县的海关联检，可能会查你的红皮书和黄皮书，就是《国际旅行健康检查证明书》和《疫苗接种或预防措施国际证书》，需要在你所在地区的出入境检验检疫部门办理。这两本证明，如果没有，据说和检查人员说好话，也能过去。但是以防万一，我们出发前，还是办理了黄皮书（《疫苗接种或预防措施国际证书》），花了两百元。红皮书办理费用要五百元，我们想省钱，没有办理。在过海关时，检查人员问了几句，查看了一下黄皮书，也就放我们过去了。回程也可以原路返回，但是新疆在暑期也是旅游旺季，最好提前预订从喀什返回的机票或车票，能省不少钱。同时尽量避开6月底和8月底的时段，这是大学放假和开学的高峰期，也是游客进出新疆的高峰期，车票和机票都比较紧张。从伊斯兰堡飞回乌鲁木齐，只有南航的航班，如果是在网上预订的电子机票，记得要提前去南航在伊斯兰堡的办事处打印一张机票确认单，凭这张单据才能进机场办理登机手续。 4、保险：出发前我通过磨坊网站，花几百元购买了美亚保险的“乐悠游”海外旅行保障计划，共包含12项保险项目。记得把电子保单出发前交给家人，并记下保单号码，一旦有事，可以用得着。5、徒步许可证：徒步K2BC需要办理许可证，可以提前联系向导办理。如果到skardu之后办理，需要3天时间（要传真到伊斯兰堡办理）。我们就是到了skardu之后办理的，3天时间顺便游览了skardu周边。snowlake线路是开放区域，不需要办理徒步许可证。6、交通：巴基斯坦北部地区的交通主要是汽车，由于路况不好，中巴车（minibus）比较多，车内很挤，包括司机旁边，共有5排座位，每排坐4个人，坐进去之后基本就动弹不得，有时车尾和车顶还外挂几个人。从gilgit到skardu，我们坐过好几家公司的minibus，只有一次我们坐NATCO公司的中巴，是每排3个人，算是很好的条件了。从gilgit到伊斯兰堡，有带空调的豪华大巴，票价2100卢比，坐17个小时左右。徒步的开始路段需要坐车，一般安排的则是老式的越野车，在后面帖子里可以看到。7、风俗：巴基斯坦是伊斯兰国家，特别是北部山区，相对还是比较保守。注意尊重当地的风俗习惯，没有经过允许，不要给当地的女性拍照，更不要触碰当地女性。坐车时一般前排是女士专区。和人握手和给人端食物，要用右手。女士去当地旅行，最好穿长袖衣服和长裙长裤，不要露出胳膊和腿部。8、旅行风险：巴基斯坦对中国人相当友好，北部山区更是如此，只要说是中国人，一般都会受到热情相待，女士更加会有优待。喀喇昆仑山区总体而言还是比较安全的，唯一需要注意的是，从gilgit往南去伊斯兰堡的路上，会经过chilas地区，这一地区的部族据说和塔利班有联系，属于比较危险的地区。8月14日晚上我们从gilgit去伊斯兰堡坐大巴经过这一地区时，大巴车都是几辆结伴而行，司机告诫我们不要下车。第二天，也就是8月15日晚，这一地区就发生了恐怖袭击，三个武装分子拦住一辆巴士，枪杀了25个人，引发了skardu市的大规模游行抗议。这次恐怖袭击也直接影响到我们的回程计划。9、通信：在巴基斯坦旅行，可以买一张当地的电话卡，打当地电话和国内电话都比较便宜，一般买中移动在巴基斯坦子公司zong公司的卡比较多，但是充值时会扣掉将近20％的税费。徒步路段上是没有手机信号的，不妨把手机关掉或调到离线模式。我的队友用的iphone，徒步过程中关机，只在拍摄视频时才开机，比较省电。 10、食品：徒步线路上是没有补给的，所有食物从skardu出发时都要准备好，但又不可能带过多的量，所以最好出发前在准备物资时，和向导做好沟通，尽量照顾队员的口味、喜欢的食物类别。我们走k2BC时，由于事先没有沟通好，厨师在路上就做了很多的charpati面饼给我们吃，我的队友，来自山东的海洋同学吃得非常开心，而我这个南方人就简直痛不欲生。后来走snowlake时，厨师就相应对食物做了调整，增加了炒饭、面条、蔬菜水果的数量。另外，还可以从国内多带一点下饭菜、香辣牛肉酱、巧克力、牛肉干、压缩饼干之类，注意不要带含猪肉的食品。11、小费：向导会对徒步线路有一个报价，人越多，每个队员支付的价格就越低，但是这个报价是不包含小费的。这次我和队友两个人走k2BC，小费准是：背夫走完全程，每人小费20美金左右；有的背夫是在翻垭口之前就半途返回，小费就是10美金左右；厨师的小费是50美金；厨师助理是25美金；向导的小费是150美金。这样算下来，总的小费费用相当于徒步价格的12－15%左右。snowlake线路的小费金额与K2BC基本相同。如果队员较多，相应支付给向导和厨师的小费总额也会增加，但平摊下来，每个队员支付的金额还是会有减少。所以去徒步的话，队员人数还是多一点比较划算，以4－8个人为宜，人太多了队伍也不好协调。12、充电：巴基斯坦电力供应不足，首都伊斯兰堡都会有计划停电。北部山区的几个主要站点，skardu有自己的水电站，停电算是比较少的，hunza则没有统一的电网供电，各个旅馆都是自己发电。因此注意，只要有电力供应，抓紧给手机相机电池充电。旅馆一般都会提供插座。徒步路上是没有地方可以充电的，相机备用电池一定要带足。我的宾得k-x单反，用的是5号电池，出发前在淘宝上买了充足的劲量5号锂电池，相当给力，4节电池能用一周时间。13、货币兑换：在北部山区几个大的站点，美金和人民币都可以兑换当地卢比，可以找旅馆老板询问兑换点。这次我们兑换，拿人民币直接兑换卢比，要比带美金兑换更划算。例如，我们在gilgit，一元人民币可以兑换15卢比，而一美金则只能兑换92卢比。在sost口岸兑换时汇率要低一点，到gilgit稍高。8月下旬我们返程时，卢比有贬值，伊斯兰堡当地的外币兑换点，一元人民币可以兑换到15.2卢比，美金则是94.5卢比，还是拿人民币直接兑换更划算。 14、装备：最后列一下这次徒步我的装备物品清单：鞋子：SCARPA barun徒步鞋1双，Teva凉鞋1双；背包：小鹰38背包1个，强氧摄影胸包1个，强氧水壶包1个，驮包一个；内衣：C3上衣2件，C1长袖1件，速干短袖T恤1件，红辣椒排汗长裤1件，内裤若干；保暖：防风抓绒1件，HW玉羌带帽羽绒服一件；外衣：Marmot driclime风衣1件，Pata带帽软壳一件；裤子：TNF速干裤、Columbia 两截式速干裤各1条；睡袋：MHW －15度睡袋1个，睡袋内胆一个；药品：感冒药，腹泻药，健胃药，创可贴，清凉油，云南白药喷剂，抗生素类药（头孢类）；其它：登山杖2支，护膝1对，抓绒帽1顶，防晒圆边帽1顶，头巾1条，手套2副（抓绒手套、劳保手套），太阳镜1副，徒步袜2－3双，雪套1副，头灯1个，手电1个，水壶1个，雨披1个，瑞士卡片军dao1个，手机＋充电器，剃须刀，洗嗽用具（速干毛巾、牙膏牙刷、小梳子），卫生纸，湿纸巾两包，防晒霜，润唇膏，小本子，笔，照片，证件，晾衣夹。相机：宾得K-X单反＋腾龙18－200镜头；5号锂电池若干；充电器＋充电电池；存储卡；相机清理工具。在这次带的装备中，最满意的是徒步鞋和睡袋。scarpa barun徒步鞋是我这次出门前新买的，相当给力，因时间紧张，没有经过磨合就直接上路了，经历了各种艰苦地形，全程给我相当好的保护。MHW睡袋是很早的款式了，又大又重，徒步过程中有几晚直接睡在冰川上，很冷，幸好带了这条大睡袋。徒步结束后我把睡袋送给了向导，他非常高兴。另外，驮包也很有用，经历了马驮人背，磨破了几个洞，很好地保护了我的背包和物品。还有晾衣夹，徒步途中，在帐篷上晾晒衣物和睡袋，很有用。另外记得带一副便宜的劳保手套，走K2BC翻垭口时需要拉着绳子上下，用得着。至于失误的地方，主要是防潮垫，由向导提供，比较简陋，睡在冰川上的时候很冷，所以最好从国内带一个充气垫过去，或者在skardu再自己多买一个搓板垫。另外，药品不妨多带一点，除了队员，背夫们可能也需要一些药品。这次我走K2BC比较衰，12天全程生病，国内带过去的药全吃完了。走snowlake时买了巴基斯坦产的药，结果基本又没有吃。 第一部分：游历巴基斯坦北部：陌生的朋友自从看了去年的几篇K2徒步帖之后，就一直惦记，但总是下不了决心。今年4月份，我在EBC认识的青岛哥们海洋沙漠发了一条微博，准备6月底组织去巴基斯坦K2徒步，当时我心里就痒痒了，可还是不能确定。直到6月中旬，我才向海洋确定参加队伍，然后赶紧办理证，准备各种手续，找风总和被窝购买装备，订火车票飞机票。那十几天忙得不可开交，我发现出门长线旅行，准备越久考虑越多，反而可能越有变故，倒是像这样临时决定，下个狠心，也就出去了。一通忙乱之后，6月28日清晨，我去北京站赶火车去银川。正值学生放暑假，北京到乌鲁木齐的火车票根本买不到，飞机票也是很贵，强总替我一番核算，先坐火车到银川，再转乘春秋航空的班机到乌鲁木齐比较划算。那天出门就不顺利，北京下了雨，这就意味着大堵车。我9点出门，赶11点的火车，居然差点没赶上。好在有惊无险，第二天29日清晨顺利到达银川，然后换乘中午的飞机，下午到达乌鲁木齐，在中山路找了个宾馆住下，离火车站比较近。准备第二天，也就是6月30日，坐上午的火车去喀什和队友会合。其实我真心希望旅途平安顺利，当然有点小刺激也是无妨。可是我没有想到这趟旅程居然是这样出乎意料的开端。6月30日凌晨5点，我在旅馆床上睡得正香，迷迷糊糊就觉得床在晃荡。当时我第一反应就是：屋子里进贼啦？没事干吗晃我的床？然后突然一个激灵，感觉不对，好像是～～地震了！我腾地坐了起来，床还是在摇晃，可是外面走廊上没有任何动静，难道是我睡糊涂了？我于是又躺下了，刚躺下，床猛的来了个剧烈的晃动，连桌子也在晃。这可不是错觉，我立马跳起来，手忙脚乱边穿衣服，边开了门就往外跑。这时各个房间的客人都纷纷跑了出来，从8楼一口气跑到大街上。大家站在街边，大眼瞪小眼，谁都不知道是哪里地震了，还会不会有余震。有人拿出手机打电话刷新闻，都没有什么消息。这样干等到6点多，我估摸着，应该没啥大事，就上楼回到房间打开电视，新闻报道说，是和静县巩乃斯发生了6.6级地震，离乌鲁木齐有好几百公里，这里震感都那么强烈。反正已经睡不着了，干脆吃完早饭，收拾行李，去火车站等火车。进了候车室之后，大喇叭开始广播啦，说由于地震的影响，铁道部门要检查道路受损情况，因此开往南疆的列车全都要推迟发车，具体何时发车时间不确定，大家在候车室等着，不要走远。候车室人越来越多，又闷又热，一直等到下午两点，终于发车了，晚点了4个小时。然后一路不停的错车让车，第二天到达喀什，已经晚点了8个小时。 我的队友海洋和小赵，在帕米尔青年旅舍，热烈欢迎我的到来。原本计划5个人的队伍，一个家里有事，还有一个没办好证，这样就非战斗性减员成了3个人。他俩6月30日坐飞机来的喀什，恰恰就在前一天发生了和田劫机事件，顿时让我觉得大家真是难兄难弟。 我们在喀什休息了两天，看完了欧洲杯决赛，购买了一些物资和药品。7月3日上午，离开喀什，乘坐中巴车，赶往塔什库尔干县。 这是我第二次去塔什库尔干县了，一路帕米尔高原风光，可惜中巴车不能中途停下来拍照。 一路最著名的景点，当然就是冰山之父、海拔7546米的慕士塔格峰。 下午抵达塔县之后，我们找旅馆住下，打听好了第二天去巴基斯坦的国际大巴。下午哥三个闲得没事，就去县城边的石头城逛逛。 塔什库尔干，曾有葱岭、蒲犁、羯盘陀的美称，维吾尔语意为“石头城堡”，就是缘自这个古代的石头城。石头城海拔3100米，地势极为险峻，是新疆境内古丝道上一个著名的古城遗址。汉代时，这里是西域三十六国之一的蒲犁国的王城。唐朝政府统一西域后，在这设有葱岭守捉所。元朝初期，大兴土木扩建城廓，旧的石头城换了新颜。清光绪二十八年（1902年），清廷在此建立蒲犁厅，对旧城堡进行了维修和增补。城虽小，形势却十分险要。城外建有多层或断或续的城垣，隔墙之间石丘重叠，乱石成堆，构成独特的石头城风光。城下即一片湿地，古代自喀什、英吉沙、叶城、莎车至帕米尔高原的几条山路均汇集于此。尽管风吹日晒，它的轮廓仍然较为完整。 石头城边的湿地，开发建设成了郊野公园，建了木质栈道，成为当地人休闲的好去处。 往北望去，远远可以望见慕士塔格群峰，白雪皑皑。 河水缓缓流过，这一片群山环抱下的牧场，水草丰美。 牛羊在草地上静静享受美餐。 开阔的河谷。 夕阳西下，照亮了这片美丽的湿地草原。 夕阳下的石头城。 如画的草原黄昏。 金色阳光下，闪闪发亮的草原。 蓝天下云彩朵朵。 悠闲自得的马匹。([]
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陈伟亚走进世博会——中国2010年上海世博会介绍（世博系列之一）目 录 前言 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主 3、以往部分世博会简介 二、中国与世界博览会 1、中国与世博会的渊源 2、中国参加世博会的获奖产品 3、新中国参加过的历届世博会 4、中国以往举办的世园会 三、2010年世界博览会（Expo 2010）总体介绍 1、上海世博会申办的过程 2、世博会主 3、会徽 4、吉祥物 5、确认参展的国家和组织 6、上海世博会场地 7、上海世博会园区规划 8、2010年上海世博会门票 9、上海世博会世博轴 10、上海世博会世博公园 11、上海世博会演艺中心 12、上海世博会世博中心 13、上海世博会世博论坛 14、上海世博会网上世博会 15、上海世博会文化演艺活动 16、上海世博会世博村 四、参展展馆 1、上海世博会主馆 2、上海世博会中国国家馆 3、亚洲馆 4、欧洲馆 5、美洲馆 6、非洲馆 7、大洋洲馆 8、其他国际组织馆 9、企业馆 10、上海世博会城市最佳实践区1# 老顽童thtsjy 前 言 2010年是世博年，我们作为本届世博会举办地——上海的市民，愿为世博会尽绵薄之力。为此，我们综合了参观《走进世博会——中国2010年世博会暨世博会历史回顾展览》（在上海展览馆举办）、探访“中国2010年上海世博会展示中心”（位于淮海中路香港新世界大厦三楼）以及收集的有关世博会资料，整理成庚寅年第一帖，奉献给诸位参考。鉴于我们自身文字和拍照水平的局限、收集资料渠道的受限、整理功力的有限，本帖存在诸多不足，恳请各位指教，深表感谢！ 16# zj522522 感谢以上各位支持，祝你们虎年吉祥！ 17# 老顽童thtsjy 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 在古代农耕社会，人们往往在庆贺丰收、宗教仪式、欢度喜庆的节日里展开交易活动，后来逐渐发展成为定期的、有固定场所的、以物品交换为目的的大型贸易及展示的集会。这就是世博会的最早形式。公元5世纪，波斯举办了第一个超越集市功能的展览会。 18世纪，随着新技术和新产品的不断出现，人们逐渐想到举办与集市相似，但只展不卖，以宣传、展出新产品和成果为目的的展览会。1791年捷克在首都布拉格首次举办了这样的展览会。随着科学技术的进步，社会生产力的发展，展览会的规模也逐步扩大，参展的地域范围从一地扩大到全国，由国内延伸到国外，直至发展成为由许多国家参与的世界性博览会。 26# 老顽童thtsjy 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主1851年英国伦敦万国工业产品大博览会1853年美国纽约万国工业产品博览会1855年法国巴黎世界工农业和艺术博览会1862年英国伦敦国际工业和艺术博览会1865年爱尔兰都柏林世界博览会1867年法国巴黎第2届巴黎世界博览会1873年奥地利维也纳世界博览会1876年美国费城美国独立百年展览会1878年法国巴黎第3届巴黎世界博览会1880年澳大利亚墨尔本世界博览会1883年荷兰阿姆斯特丹国际博览会1889年法国巴黎第4届巴黎世界博览会1893年美国芝加哥哥伦布纪念博览会1897年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1900年法国巴黎第5届巴黎世界博览会1904年美国纪念路易斯安娜购置一百周年博览会1905年比利时列日世界博览会1906年意大利米兰世界博览会1908年英国伦敦世界博览会1910年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1913年比利时甘特世界博览会1915年美国旧金山巴拿马太平洋博览会1925年法国巴黎国际装饰美术博览会1926年美国费城建国150周年世界博览会1929年西班牙巴塞罗那世界博览会1933年美国芝加哥世界博览会——“一个世纪的进步”1935年比利时布鲁塞尔万国博览会——“通过竞争获取和平”1936年瑞典斯德哥尔摩世界博览会1937年法国巴黎现代生活艺术世界博览会——“现代世界的艺术和技术”1938年芬兰赫尔辛基航空世界博览会1939年比利时国际水资源博览会1939-1940年美国纽约世界博览会——“明日新世界”1939-1940年美国旧金山金门世界博览会1949年瑞典国际体育博览会1949年海地王子港世界博览会1953年以色列耶路撒冷世界博览会1954年意大利航海世界博览会1955年瑞典世界生活艺术博览会1955年意大利都灵国际体育博览会1956年以色列柑橘栽培展览会1957年德国柏林世界博览会1958比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会——“科学、文明和人性”1961年意大利都灵世界博览会1962年美国西雅图廿一世纪博览——“太空时代的人类”1964-1965年美国纽约世界博览会——“通过理解走向和平”1965年德国慕尼黑交通运输世界博览会1967年加拿大蒙持利尔世界博览会——“人类与世界”1968年美国圣安东尼奥世界博览会——“美洲大陆的文化交流”1970年日本大阪日本世界博览会——“人类的进步与和谐”1971年匈牙利布达佩斯世界狩猎博览会1974年美国斯波坎环境世界博览会——“无污染的进步”1975年日本冲绳国际海洋博览会——“海洋-充满希望的未来”1981年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1982年美国诺克斯维世界能源博览会——“能源-世界的原动力”1984年美国新奥尔良路易西安纳世界博览会——“河流的世界-水乃生命之源”1985年日本筑波万国博览会——“居住与环境人类的家居科技”1985年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1986年加拿大温哥华世界交通与通讯博览会——“交通与运输”1988年澳大利亚布里斯班世界博览会——“科技时代的休闲生活”1990年日本大阪世界博览会——“人类与自然”1991年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1992年西班牙塞维利亚世界博览会——“发现的时代”1992年意大利热那亚世界博览会——“哥伦布-船与海”1993年韩国大田世界博览会——“新的起飞之路”1998年葡萄牙里斯本海洋博览会——“海洋——未来的财富”1999年中国昆明世界博览会——“人与自然，迈向二十一世纪”2000年德国汉诺威世界博览会——“人类-自然-科技-发展”2005年日本爱知爱．地球博——“自然、城市、和谐——生活的艺术”2008年西班牙萨拉戈萨世界博览会2010年中国上海世界博览会——“城市,让生活更美好”2012年韩国丽水世界博览会2015年意大利米兰世界博览会 29# 老顽童thtsjy 3、历届部分世博会简介 水晶宫的魅力——1851年英国伦敦第一届世界博览会纪实 全世界第一场世界博览会——1851年万国工业博览会在英国首都伦敦的海德公园举行，展期是1851年5月1日至10月11日，主要内容是世界文化与工业科技，借此博览会英国在当时展现了工业革命后技冠群雄、傲视全球的辉煌成果。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了首届世博会 19世纪前半叶，欧洲工业革命正如火如荼地进行，科学技术的飞速发展，使人类生活发生了巨大的变化。 在英国，自维多利亚女王登基后，当时的英国在世界工业中一马当先。同时资本的高速聚集和运作，英国也成为当时欧洲金融的中心。这些因素触发了英国将在世界舞台上演绎主角的欲望。 此前，欧洲各国举办工业博览会已不是新鲜事，特别是英国、法国在工业革命的推动下，都举办了多届有影响的工业产品博览会，以此来推广本国的工业生产技术和宣传新产品。频频举办工业博览会使英国萌发了举办一次世界各国参与的博览会。 成立于1754年的英国皇家艺术协会历来承担国家展览会的组织工作，担任皇家艺术协会主席的阿尔伯特亲王具有一种与传统理念所不同的开明思想和创新精神。1849年，艺术协会开始酝酿筹划规模更大的博览会时，阿尔伯特提出“博览会必须是国际性的、展品要有外国产品参加”的设想，要求能在伦敦海德公园中找到最好的展览场地，以举办一届规模宏大的世界博览会。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了第一届世博会在英国诞生。 确立规则，女王广邀宾客 1849年6月30日，一次历史性的会议在白金汉宫召开，参加者有皇家艺术协会成员、全国博览会组委会成员、建筑公司成员和阿尔伯特亲王。会议作出了7项重要决定：1、世博会展品分为四个大类：原材料、机械、工业制品和雕塑作品；2、将建一幢特别临时建筑作为世博会展厅；3、举办场地选在海德公园南侧；4、博览会将是国际性的，由国家发出参展邀请；5、组委会将提供大量奖金以鼓励参展者；6、将成立一个皇家委员会来主办世博会；7、世博会财政集资由艺术家协会负责。 会议之后，组委会立即起草并提交给政府关于成立世博会皇家委员会的申请。组委会成员到英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的65个城镇和法国等一些欧洲国家进行了游说，动员参展。 1849年10月17日，组委会举行了一次大规模的公共会议，向伦敦市最有影响力的商人和银行家描述了世博会的整个计划。艺术协会的项目融资也有了进展，25万英镑的保证金解决了财务问。很快，议会两院也以多数票同意在海德公园内举行博览会。 1850年1月3日，世博会皇家委员会成立。随后，维多利亚女王便以国家名义向世界各国发出世博会参展邀请。 31# 老顽童thtsjy 一个方案拯救了首届世博会 世博会的筹备工作开局颇为顺利，但是困难却是接踵而来。一是时间紧，距世博会开幕仅有一年半，具体工作尚未启动；二是集资困难，运作资金尚有很大缺口；三是社会上有大量意见反对使用海德公园举办世博会，因为建造展馆将会破坏树林和环境。但最大的麻烦是世博会展馆的设计与建造问。 1849年底成立的世博会建筑委员会立即向各国发出展馆设计的邀请。尽管方案征集仅有三个星期，但委员会仍收到245个方案，却没有一个获胜者。因为所有方案都是古典、永久性的建筑形式。这不仅使阿尔伯特等陷入困境，甚至有导致世博会流产的危险。 正在皇家委员会一筹莫展时，一个不经意的方案不仅成功地挽救了世博会，更是成为人类历史上的里程碑作品，甚至建筑物作品的本身成为了第一届世博会最成功的展品。这便是园艺工约瑟夫·帕克斯顿和他的创作“水晶宫”。 意外发现睡莲化作“水晶宫” 1837年，一位英国探险家在圭亚那发现美丽的王莲，便采集种子带回英国交给查丝华斯庄园首席园艺师约瑟夫·帕克斯顿(Joseph Paxton)种植。三个月后，王莲长出11片巨大的叶子和开出美丽的花朵。帕克斯顿将花以维多利亚命名王莲Victoria amazonica Sowerby（Royal Water Lily,Amazon Water-platter），并作为礼物送给了维多利亚女王。自此他与阿尔伯特亲王相识并成为挚友。 王莲越长越大。有一天他把7岁的小女儿抱在其中一片叶子上观赏花朵，水上飘逸的绿叶居然轻而易举地承担起她的体重。帕克斯顿翻开叶子观察其背面，只见粗壮的径脉纵横呈环形交错，构成既美观又可以负担巨大的承重力的整体。这个发现顿时给了他灵感，一种新的建筑理念在脑中形成。不久他在为王莲建造查丝华斯温室时，用铁栏和木制拱胁为结构、玻璃为墙面，首创了新颖的温室。该建筑除了简洁明快的功能外，建筑构件可以预先制造，不同构件可以根据建筑大小需要组合装配，这样的建筑成本低廉，施工快捷。 帕克斯顿听说了在海德公园建造展览场馆之事，立即毛遂自荐愿意提供他的建筑方案。 帕克斯顿的设计方案在众人的关注下最终被敲定，记者Douglas Jerrold在报上将它称之为“水晶宫”，这个名称一直流传至今。1850年9月26日，水晶宫奠基。6个月不到就竣工了。 整幢建筑是现代化大规模工业生产技术的结晶。 38# 老顽童thtsjy 博览盛会，创造历史 水晶宫建造的同时，组委会挑选和收集各类展品的工作进展加快。博览会共有18000个参加商，提供了10万多件展品。 组委会另设特别评选委员会对展品评选，评出5084奖项，其中外国人获得3045项。 1851年5月1日早上9时，水晶宫开门接纳来参加开幕式的客人。50多万人聚集在海德公园四周。11时30分，9驾皇家马车列队离开了白金汉宫前往海德公园参加世博会开幕大典，12时的钟声敲响，在“哈利路亚”乐曲声中，王室和他们的随行人员进入展览宫。 水晶宫内挂满万国彩旗，参观人流摩肩接踵，各种工艺品、艺术雕塑琳琅满目、目不暇接。人们惊奇地观看来自不同国家的发明、珍奇和不同产品。 参观者最感兴趣的是不同的机器发明。人们目瞪口呆地看着开槽机，钻孔机，拉线机，纺纱机，造币机，抽水机等各种机器工作，让人领悟到工业革命给世界带来的变化。 当然，最受赞誉的还是水晶宫，这座原本是为世博会展品提供展示的场馆却成了第一届世博会中最成功的作品和展品。水晶宫成为世博会的志。水晶宫成就了世博会的举办，世博会的成功又为世界上第一次聚集众多国家，为了一个和平的目的交流不同文化、科技成果开创了先例。 1851年共有6039195人次参观了首届世博会。 同年10月14日伦敦世博会举行了闭幕式，世博会圆满结束，并获得了186437英镑的利润。 世博会结束后水晶宫移至伦敦南部的西得汉姆，并以更大的规模重新建造，1854年6月10日由维多利亚女王主持向公众开放。它作为伦敦的娱乐中心存在了82年。1936年11月30日晚上6点，中央大厅员工厕所突然着火，大火烧遍了整幢建筑。水晶宫的焚毁宣告了辉煌的维多利亚时代结束。 43# 老顽童thtsjy 1853年美国纽约世博会 1853年的世博会在美国纽约举办，主办者效仿英国也用钢铁和玻璃建造了一个大型展馆，同样称之为“水晶宫”，但规模却小得多，仅及英国的三分之一。 45# 老顽童thtsjy 46# 老顽童thtsjy 胜家缝纫机公司（Singer）是美国第一家成功的跨国公司，其主打产品——缝纫机被誉为继农用锄具发明之后的又一伟大发明，并被称为“世界上最著名的机械”。1853年纽约世博会上展出的胜家缝纫机已具备以后一百多年间的家用缝纫机的基本功能。 47# 老顽童thtsjy 48# 老顽童thtsjy 1852年，奥的斯发明了动力上升梯子的安全装置，并在1853年纽约世博会上演示其发明。现代电梯仍使用奥的斯当年的发明创造。 52# 老顽童thtsjy 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会上，一种起源于古罗马、风行于16世纪欧洲宫廷、而为爱尔兰妇女所钟爱的蕾丝作品，以其华美典丽而令人炫目，并由此推广成为平民女子的美丽服饰。 54# 老顽童thtsjy 1867年巴黎世博会 1867年在法国巴黎举办的世博会，已经具备了现代世博会的雏形。主展馆为490X380米的巨大橄圆形建筑，中心为公园，四周为展厅，16条通道分割展区，给各参展国设计自己独立的展馆。 57# 老顽童thtsjy 蓝色的多瑙河——记1873年维也纳世博会 世博会的举办与规划 十九世纪中后期，通过举办世博会来提高国家地位，已被许多国家认同和追逐。1870年，奥地利政府为将首都维也纳推进到世界先进城市行列，同时也为清除1866年普奥战争失败后的笼罩在城市上空的阴霾，向世界宣布：举办1873年维也纳世界博览会，主为纪念约瑟夫一世执政25周年。 世博会举办地选择在风光秀丽的多瑙河边，这条河随着几年前施特劳斯著名的圆舞曲《蓝色的多瑙河》而名声鹊起。维也纳中央公园被选作博览会会场，面积达233公倾。维也纳市政当局想利用举办世博会的时机，对旧城区建筑大举实施改造，拆去城壁，打通市中心与郊外的联系，多瑙河也在整改范围之列，涉及水道绵延半英里，拓展河道工程产生的50万立方的砂砾被用于世博会会址之用。整个工程规划由建筑师凯利·哈森那根据意大利文艺复兴时期的风格设计。由于前几届世博会的启示，维也纳世博会的组织者已开始注重建筑的功能与美观结合，强调建筑的整体魅力。设计中的宏伟庞大的主建筑群——工业宫，面积达7万平方米,工业宫建筑结构合理，长907米,宽206米。中央与园顶大厅相连,两侧留有宽25米主廊，主廊与长145米、宽15米的侧廊相交。侧廊之间有多个宽45米,长75米庭院,所有建筑均建有屋顶，观众入口装饰处建造了凯旋门和不同历史风格的大门。工业宫建筑开创了世博会历史中建造大型联体展览建筑物的先列。 60# 老顽童thtsjy 世界第八大奇观——圆顶大厅罗托纳达 维也纳世博会上建筑亮点是由斯各特·罗素设计的工业宫中央圆顶大厅罗托纳达。罗素曾担任1851年伦敦世博会参展委员会的秘书。该大厅设计显然受到了1851年世博会“官方”建筑计划书的启发，风格极其相同。 罗托纳达圆形大厅，顶高83米,直径约110米,成为当时世界上最大的圆顶大厅建筑，比罗马的圣·皮耶尔大教堂的48米圆顶和伦敦的圣保罗大教堂37米圆顶确实大了许多。圆形大厅的结构也是用金属制作，建设周期仅18个月,时间之短在当时令人难以置信。建筑被称之为世界第八大奇观。圆形大厅其锥形屋顶由32根粗大的柱子支撑，圆顶之上有一个直径为28米的穹隆塔顶，再上面是一个直径为7米的小型穹隆灯塔，最高处是一个奥地利皇冠的巨大复制品，由皇冠珠宝的仿制品装饰。 这个巨大的园顶建筑物引起了轰动效应，也倾倒了观众。世博会期间共有206270位参观者踏着台阶登到圆顶皇冠处，饱览维也纳城市的迷人景色并为壮观的建筑而荣耀。 整个博览会除工业宫建筑群外，还有机械厅、美术馆、园艺馆等新建190多幢建筑，整个世博会把现实和艺术，现代和古老，东方和西方不同建筑元素和谐地融为一体。 64# 老顽童thtsjy 布展独特展品丰富 建筑群内的中央广场呈东西走向，圆形大厅中央安放着土耳其苏丹二赠送的美丽装饰喷泉。四周由回廊环绕，陈列各国展品。维也纳世博会组织者，为了使展品分类越加合理，将展品分成26种，分类数增加到162个,其目的是“将创造发明、工业化生产与人类教育、生活品味和生活质量的发展相适应”。 16个展示厅内布局根据国家位置而设计展示体系，每个国家的展品都靠着其地理上的邻国，所以只要观赏了不同国家的展品，就可以获知基本的世界地理知识。 奥地利展品中给人印象比较深的是一副刻画政治家在普法战争中形象的象牙棋子和一颗重达8吨、长50英尺放置在水银池中的巨型炮弹，使人想起1866年那场不幸的那场战争。 埃及展示了世界注目的苏伊士运河工程模型。埃及政府把设计展区的任务委托给了一批德国的著名埃及史研究专家。他们在设计中将四年前刚开始动工的工程建筑与埃及风光、风情巧妙结合，把埃及的地理、历史和社会进程关系完美的展示给观众。 瑞典提供了一个模范学校的教育展示，从教室的课桌设计到学生教材丛书和办学规划，让观众了解公共教育的重要性。 维也纳世博会主办者强调发明和设计理念：科学和艺术，工业和手艺、过去和将来之间，需在美感和实用性的大前提下具有审美价值，构建完美的和谐关系。文化艺术类展品则显示了主办国-维也纳城市特有的强项。 世博会中，奥地利为维也纳城市设计了专展览，展览以丰富多样的形式，详细阐述了建成于罗马时代的维也纳城市中城堡、宫殿、街道、广场和著名建筑物的历史故事。该展览最令人激动的是节日欢庆和比赛活动部分，每天的露天音乐会，由约翰.施特劳斯指挥管弦乐队演奏不同圆舞曲和圣歌，当然最受欢迎的便是“蓝色的多瑙河”，因为只有在音乐之都-维也纳，在美丽的多瑙河边，在世博会特有欢乐的氛围中聆听施特劳斯亲自演绎的“蓝色的多瑙河”，才能真正体验和感受到艺术家的真情和艺术作品的魅力所在。 维也纳世博会中有两个艺术展馆展示来自世界各地的艺术珍品。法国、俄罗斯提供了众多的名家绘画作品。维也纳画家汉斯麦卡特画成的那幅长17米宽4米的巨作，尤其受人瞩目。 古典艺术品中有希腊、意大利送来的大理石雕像，其中有帕台农圣庙的复制品和米洛的维纳斯雕像，据说当时维纳斯的双手还在。 维也纳世博会于1873年5月1日开幕，11月2日闭幕，共有35个国家、4万多参展商应邀参加，仅有725万人次参观了世博会。最后财务的统计表明，世博会的总投资956万美元，但收益仅是其开支的六分之一，被认为是19世纪重大的财政失败例子之一。 维也纳世博会结束后，工业宫部分建筑群成为了维也纳玉米交易所，机器厅等被专门划出用于北方铁路货物和谷物储存中心。但是工业宫建筑和著名的圆顶建筑也同许多历史上世博会建筑一样，遭遇了悲惨的命运，它被1937年的一场大火摧毁。 66# 老顽童thtsjy 1876年费城世博会 1876年的美国费城世博会是一次重要的博览会，这是一届为庆祝美国建国百年而举办的世博会。费城的费尔蒙特公园，是世界上最大的城市公园，也是1876年世博会会址。 68# 老顽童thtsjy 自由女神像是法国赠送给美国的礼物。为参加费城世博会庆典，就将已完成了的自由女神像手臂和火炬先送去。直到1886年，自由女神像才在美国纽约安装完毕。 70# 老顽童thtsjy 爱迪生是19世纪最伟大的发明家，他的许多发明都曾在早期世博会上展出。 73# 老顽童thtsjy 就在这一年，贝尔博士发明了世界第一部电话，立即送到了博览会上展出，也是在这一年，中国第一条铁路在吴淞至上海开通。 75# 老顽童thtsjy 1878年法国巴黎世博会 爱迪生发明的话筒、留声机等在本届世博会上展出。 78# 老顽童thtsjy 永远的埃菲尔铁塔——1889年巴黎世博会的产物 铁塔的由来 1884年11月8日,法国下院议会做出决定：1889年5月3日至11月6日，法国巴黎将举办第三届世博会。主：庆祝法国大革命胜利100周年。 1886年5月，世博会组委会组织博览会的规划设计招。中者中有设计师古斯塔夫·埃菲尔。埃菲尔建议世博会场地放在巴黎火星广场和托罗卡德罗地区，展览面积100公顷。他在规划中创意建造一座300米高的志性建筑塔。 世博会的组织者们更是兴奋地建议：百年盛会中建造的志性高塔建筑，必须征集到大师们的作品，因为只有大师蕴涵的艺术天赋作品才能完美体现法国崇尚文化，独具和无可争议的优势。 招的结果是收到了1000份极富创意的方案，其中花样百出。如，设计一座巨大的断头台以象征帝国的死亡。设计一座350米的金字塔，塔上雕刻有英雄雕像和浮雕以描述大革命的主要事件等等。 但是，最“异想天开”的设计，还是来自年轻的设计师，古斯塔夫.埃菲尔的金属拱门塔方案。埃菲尔创意：“建造一座新颖的金属凯旋拱门来为现代科学和法国工业增光。这座拱门会给人独特的印象，也会超过历史上各种凯旋门形式。” 组委会委员、市政当局经比较和讨论，最终埃菲尔的铁塔门方案获得批准，当时新闻界大多数人也都对此方案表示欢迎。不过，所有人并没有料到，他们通过的这个方案成就了世博会历史上最激动人心的作品，也使1889年的世博会成为了经典。 80# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔设计和建造 古斯塔夫-埃菲尔，1832年生于第戎，中学毕业后，他到巴黎中央大学求学。他在设计建造波尔多的杜罗河桥时，由于解决了桥梁支柱的稳定性的难而初露峰芒。很快，他又参与设计在美国纽约“自由女神”像，因内部复杂的结构而名杨四海。通过一个个大胆创新的建筑项目中，年轻的埃菲尔的才能很快得到了充分展示。 埃菲尔在方案通过后，在40个助手帮助下，绘制了5300幅工程图，涉及到建筑18038个部位。 1886年11月5日，法国贸易部长批准了埃菲尔团队提交的最后方案。并提供其预算2750万法郎中五分之一的资金。埃菲尔抵押了他的公司并设法筹足剩余五分之四的资金。 1887年1月铁塔正式开工，整个工地成了一个巨大的钢铁加工厂，每段钢材都在工厂里依照严密的计算，根据图纸精确制造，然后又严格检验、编号、并按图纸进行组装。高塔建造时现场并没有什么辅助脚架,全靠精密的计算和严密的管理，一根根沉重的钢材凭借手动液压装置精确顶到位置，再由人工用一个个烧红的铆钉，挥舞着铁锥一锤一锤加以铆接固定。铁塔用去15000根钢铁材料，二百五十万个铆钉，整座塔楼在水泥混凝土加固的底座上矗立。工程在28个月工期里，始终体现着严格而科学的秩序。 82# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔引发的争议 埃菲尔自设计铁塔开始，面对的不仅是创新的技术难，还有因铁塔而引发的一场社会争议。因为，他的“通天塔”不仅激发了人们浓厚的好奇心，也产生了巨大的困惑。巴黎杰出的哥特建筑学派专家认为从数学角度考虑建造铁塔是不可能的。而最大的反对意见来自于巴黎的文学艺术家们。以著名作家盖.德.莫泊桑为首的47位著名人士发起了一项反对铁塔名活动，名的备忘录提交给巴黎政府并在报纸上公开发表。 反对和争议没有阻止建筑的进程，埃菲尔面对各种压力，始终沉着冷静，他认为铁塔一定会成功，他坚信建造铁塔将是完成一座人类理想的丰碑。 铁塔在塞纳河边渐渐升高，反对的意见逐步减少。人们开始冷静地看待铁塔，并对它的整体进行评估：大胆独创的铁塔，新颖别致的造型，直冲天穹的力量，张扬中却又充溢着浪漫的轻盈。这一切不又体现了法兰西民族独有的创造和创新的精神吗？ 84# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔建造成功 1889年3月31日星期日，铁塔主建筑完工，埃菲尔与一些世博会高官一起登上了塔顶，并发射了21发礼炮以示庆祝。埃菲尔升起法国三色国旗并骄傲的宣告“现在，世界上只有法国国旗能飘扬在300米的高空”。 艾菲尔铁塔，这个曾被嘲笑为“悲剧式的蜡烛台”，“可怕的钢材堆”“巨大的工业烟囱”为法国1889年巴黎世博会带来激情和滚滚财源。 艾菲尔与巴黎政府的铁塔合约在1889年5月起开始回报，根据合同条款，20年中，铁塔收益归艾菲尔所有，铁塔就象一个金矿，这个金矿给艾菲尔带来了极大的效益。 当20年后，铁塔移交给巴黎市，艾菲尔和巴黎市政府并没有料到，铁塔的收益会不断延续，在一个世纪后，铁塔仍然游人如织。 86# 老顽童thtsjy 世博会时的铁塔 1889年5月6日，随着埃菲尔铁塔上一声炮响，世博会正式开放，会期每天早晨铁塔上的炮声和晚上铁塔的灯光不仅成为世博会的景观，更是成为巴黎都市浪漫生活的组成。由于采用了电灯照明技术，这也成为第一次晚上也开放的世博会。 1889年世博会期间，登塔成为参观的主要目的和时髦，共有2百万人在会期参观了铁塔。 埃菲尔铁塔有三层：第一层为57.63米，设不同的餐厅；第二层115.73米，设不同的办公室，特别是费加罗报的办公室，负责为参观者办理登塔证书；第三层276.13米，是服务区、气象台，实验室（物理，气象，生物）和艾菲尔的办公室，一般不对游人开放。 埃菲尔铁塔有一部电梯，每次可容纳100人，斜升到57米高一层，另外一部可载50人的垂直电梯，开到115米高。电梯每小时可供2400人用。参观人也可以通过1792级楼梯徒步登塔，到顶层鸟瞰巴黎全景。 1886年，本茨制成世界上第一辆三轮内燃机汽车。1889年，本茨亲自驾驶着汽车在展示，大受欢迎，也预示人类的汽车时代已经到来。 1889年11月6日，法国卡尔诺总统主持了的盛大的世博会闭幕仪式，世博会明星爱迪生用新近发明的留声机，以播放埃菲尔宣布闭幕的声音作为博览会闭幕节目。 88# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔的精神 1923年埃菲尔去世时，他的铁塔仍是世界上最高的建筑物，这一记录一直保持到1930年纽约克莱斯勒大厦建成，它比埃菲尔铁塔仅高出几米。 100多年来，埃菲尔铁塔历经风雨，屹立在塞纳河边，并成为巴黎城市的组成部分。百岁铁塔并没有因时间推移而失去代表时尚的美名，它那高耸、浪漫的丰韵成为了法国的志。它凝聚着崇尚创新的法兰西民族精神，它张扬着近代科学文明的威力，它彰显着巴黎城市无穷的文化魅力。 当然，人们也不会忘记伟大的世界博览会，正是这样的一个创造、创新的舞台造就不朽的埃菲尔先生和永远的埃菲尔铁塔。 90# 老顽童thtsjy 1893年美国芝加哥世博会 而今我们日常生活中离不开的拉链是由美国工程师Whitcomb L Judson发明并在1893年芝加哥世博会上亮相。
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黄台育最近几天在预订下个月去日本的一系列事项，繁复的资料查找，比较机票、酒店性价比，锁定目以及安排预订等等，不由得想起来之前几次的“折腾”。从巴厘岛，到韩国，再到日本，但凡是自由行，必然要经过犹如“产前阵痛”一般的折磨。当一切尘埃落定终于可以松一口气的时候，才是旅途得以享受的开始。今天不说别的，就说说巴厘岛十日自由行的准备。去年11月中旬出发，Maple9月初就开始着手进行准备。本来想等10月份携程自由行价格出来，但考虑到自己预订自由性更大，且可以选择最优解决方案，因此Maple再一次秀逗，毅然决然担当起8人出行巴厘岛10日自由行的全部安排工作。第一步：确定出行时间，预订机票。机票无疑是自由行总预算中占比最大的，因此一定早下手抢特价票。9月初开始看机票价格，各大航空都是往返含税7000多。熬到9月中，新航突然出现了特价，这无疑是一个可以出手购票的信号。在这里还有一个小窍门。我们都知道ctrip或者去哪儿这样的机票查询平台，其实从平台查个大概后，国际航班还是建议直接去各航空公司的网站上查询价格，往往，官网上的价格会更加优惠，也更及时。枫叶邀请您泰国普吉岛自由行（风景&人妖&美食&买物大赏）独家攻略！更新结束！https//bbs.8264.com/forum-viewthread-tid-1285729-highlight.html巴厘岛位于南纬八度，想从北京过去，必定要中转一次。可以选择的方案有：新加坡航空，中转新加坡；马来西亚鹰航，中转吉隆坡；大韩航空，中转首尔；国泰航空，中转香港；泰国航空，中转曼谷；印尼航空，中转雅加达。综合考虑各航空后，发现新航的航班最多；提前2个多月预订往返含税机票价是5308元，很是优惠；并且新航中转新加坡，总计飞行时间也是偏短的。而且还考虑到在新加坡中转，可以顺便游览这个亚洲有名的花园城市，实在是一举夺得。经过一系列的抉择，所以将目锁定在了新航往返巴厘岛上。第二步，机票预订。决定了航空公司，这只是机票预订的第一步。新航的航班非常多，每天从北京巴厘岛中转的航班有不下10个时间可以选择。期间的差别就是有的停留时间短，有的停留时间长。中转时间短的，在新加坡只会停留1个半小时；中转时间长的，可以停留25个小时。因此决定具体飞行时间，满足新加坡一日游的安排，是第二步要考虑的。考虑到旅行前期精力充沛，旅行结束回家心切，因此Maple安排了11月11日下午出发，晚上抵达新加坡；11月12日下午1845航班到巴厘岛。促使Maple做了这样的决定，也是因为Maple在新航的网站上看到了这样一项服务：第三步，预定好往返机票，下一步就是预订在新加坡的酒店了。新航不愧是以服务著称的航空公司，果然想得相当周到。Maple和X君看到Singapore stopover holiday，当时就决定采用这个服务来完成我们的新加坡一日之旅。1. 新加坡过境随意行（酒店住宿+接送服务+景点游览）包括相应等级酒店一夜住宿 在您留宿的SSH酒店，享受餐饮店单点菜单50%的折扣 机场与酒店间往返巴士接送（ seat-in-coach） 免费乘坐新航随意行巴士（SIA Hop-on Bus） 享用亚坤咖啡厅（Ya Kun）的咖啡/茶和吐司 免费参观圣淘沙度假屋、国家胡姬花园、新加坡游河观光、裕廊飞禽公园、新加坡动物园、牛车水原貌馆、位于福康宁的碉堡及滨海湾高尔夫球练习场。 2. 新加坡过境随意行（酒店住宿+接送服务）包括相应等级酒店一夜住宿 机场与酒店间往返巴士接送 这两个服务选择，每人仅仅差别6美金，但多了6美金，就可以多享受随意行巴士和免费早餐，因此Maple为整个Team选择了（酒店+接送+旅游景点）的SSH服务。第四步：预订SSH购买了新航或胜安航空的机票，才可以继续购买SSH。而且目前新加坡过境随意行无法通过泰国、中国、日本和阿拉伯联合大公国的网站购买。这的确难坏了Maple。Maple尝试了从新航的新加坡网址购买，不行；试图查找新航网站上负责SSH的得运旅行社(Tradewinds Tours & Travel) 的联络方式，不行；给新航北京办事处打电话，不行。最后逼得没办法只能给新航新加坡办事处打电话，然后得到了得运旅社的电话，然后电话+邮件预订，才搞定了一切。预订SSH时候，需要提供机票的预订编号（booking reference），而非其他“number”。还记得当时打电话到新加坡，一切都是英文回复，当对方要我的booking reference时候，Maple实在没有反应过来，搞得对方大姐很是郁闷，几次都要挂断电话。当时Maple真是Hold住场面要对方耐心等我一遍遍check。最后的预订成功，绝对是付出了很大的努力的说。尤其当时还在预订12月3人首尔自由行的客栈，一切麻烦事如同毛线球一样择不开，还好结果是好的。现在想起来那是后还真是悲催。不过，没有事前的努力，怎可能获得后期的完美旅行呢。大家要注意了，这个是预订SSH的邮件地址：tradewinds_ssh@singaporeair.com.sg电话是+65 6506 7797(新加坡的电话号码)预订邮件参考写法：Hello i want to book SSH Mybooking referenceJNWSCD i want to book the hotelHotel Royal for 7 people. i need 4 rooms i stay in singapore on Fri, 11 NOV 2011 thank u very much预订后，会很快收到对方回复，按照要求一步步署信用卡授权书，用国际信用卡付款，最后大功告成。抵达新加坡樟宜机场时，无论T2还是T3，出关后在麦当劳旁边都可以找到新加坡过境随意行柜台。拿着最后邮件过来的收据，就可以享受一系列预定好的服务啦。辛苦辛苦~~不辛苦不辛苦~~一大叠门票、早餐券、接送机的车票券，用的时候撕下来就好。每人发一个徽章，这个徽章会在全程乘坐随意行巴士时候当做车票使用。狮城新加坡-亚坤咖椰烤面包从寒冷的北京出发，深夜抵达美丽的花园城市。一接触到雨后泥土的芳香，因为夜色无法看清的街景却可以完整的浮现于脑海。想象着第二天美丽的热带风情和繁华的国际化都市，一夜好眠。在新加坡的第一餐，是SSH安排的亚坤。之前没有了解，事后才发现，原来亚坤在新加坡是如此深入人心。一早在酒店问好地址，从下榻的Hotel Royal门口乘坐公车4站，到Far East Plaza站，每人票价1.8新币。下车后回走5分钟，在Far East Plaza的地下一层，就是Ya Kun Kaya Toast。新加坡人英语很好，问路一点都不成问，而且问的人都知道亚坤的位置，Maple那时候心里就觉得，这地儿挺神！话说这烤土司，外层香脆，里面夹了咖椰酱和牛油，很是香甜。当地食客还会点一碟洒上黑酱油及胡椒粉的半生熟蛋，配着咖椰烤面包一起儿吃。据说专属的Kaya秘方，制作方式自其1944年创始以来就不曾改变。Kaya Toast with Butter 2新币，2片Kaya Peanut Toast 2新币，2片Crackers with Kaya 1.6新币，2套咖啡/茶 1.5新币咖椰（Kaya）酱小资料：咖椰酱是由鸡蛋，糖，椰浆，香兰叶调配而已，是完全的本地风味。咖椰酱分别有绿色和蛋黄色。亚坤店铺里有卖瓶装的Kaya酱，小后悔没有带点回来。除了乌节路这家亚坤，在后面去的摩天轮下面也有一家。个人认为，无论新加坡还是马来餐，口味偏甜，这可以体现在他们的咖啡、奶茶以及面食各个方面。同团的boss吃不惯甜味的早餐，因此自己到隔壁买了一份更加传统的面食。都知道新加坡物价贵，超市里一罐可乐就要3新币左右，但是还别说，这样一套面食+一罐可乐只要3马币，可谓便宜哉。 Far East Plaza下面的小食店，早晨10点不到，路面还没有很多人，但这里人气很兴旺。([]
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陈冠行注：为便于浏览，请点击下方的“只看该作者”。（恭喜此帖在“新年贺岁帖”评比活动中荣获一等奖）上篇：寻龙记 我常被一个问所困扰：对于人类的信仰，是真实存在的？还是虚无缥缈的？有人信奉如来观音弥勒佛；有人信奉上帝耶稣玛利亚；有人信奉狐仙关公灶王爷，有人信奉安拉胡大信天使。这些，到底哪个才是正根儿呢？要说无神论，那许多的灵异事件和民间巫术，却又为什么不能用科学来解释呢？ 相信很多人都曾遇到过类似的事：一些善良诚实的老人或者山民，一辈子都没说过谎话，但却誓言旦旦的说他们遇到过不可思议的东西。对此，我一直抱着怀疑的态度，而上次的鬼宅探秘，发生了让人难以置信的灵异事件，更激发了我探索未知的欲望！我和娟子的探险系列：业余选手三探雨扇洞： https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1872892-1-1.html疯狂情侣再入深山冒险——探寻地狱中的宫殿。附多种洞穴生物！（毒帖，切勿模仿）：https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1895956-1-1.html一路上有你，凶险的探寻之旅我没有一丝恐惧（孤岛烟儿炮鬼吹灯+鬼宅探秘）贺岁帖 ：https//bbs.8264.com/thread-1988167-1-1.html我很喜欢在闲暇时间查阅一些神秘的地方和事件，如果有机会，我和娟子两人必要一探究竟。很久前就曾在网上看过两条这样的信息： 这两个帖子，有时间地点人物事件经过，而且还有很多目击者，不容得人不信。我去过很多农村，从东北到江南，无一例外，都有龙的传说。而且还有很多人自称亲眼见过。 龙，在中国传统文化中是权势、高贵、尊荣的象征，又是力量和无敌的志。 而在西方文化中，龙是一种凶暴的怪兽生巨翅,披鳞甲,有利爪,头小腹大,形象狰狞、丑陋;有飞翔、喷火、守财、护宝、破坏、吃人等习性;寓意天人对立,主要象征争战、灾难、恐怖;少有正面形象,主要象征邪恶。 无论是中国龙，还是西方龙，虽然都有很多目击者，但却无有一丝证据。这种神秘的巨兽是否真的存在，谁也解答不了。有幸，湖北赤壁的好友，约请我和娟子去做客，正好借此机会，我俩可以去探一探这个恐怖的洞穴。 我和娟子从相识到相知，四年半的光阴岁月，无数次的化险为夷，让我俩的感情愈加牢固，也让我俩开了眼界，长了见识，学到了很多在理论中学不到的东西。一个女汉子+一个男屌丝，两人连年的在草高林密的崇山峻岭中探险，光凭胆识远远不够，更多的是需要经验和运气。 在这里，我给亲爱的驴友们一点提示：户外运动风险级别高的，尽量不要轻易挑战。如果喜欢探洞，可以选择一些已经探明而且难度不大的洞穴，在探洞之前，多学习一些和洞穴有关的知识，装备很重要，最好有向导，至少三人以上团队，洞口有接应人员。我和娟子虽然也懂这些，但克制不住内心冒险的欲望，虽然积累了一点探洞经验，但像我俩这样，风险系数还是很大，所以请大家以我俩为戒，切勿效仿！ 唉！每个帖子前面，都啰哩啰唆一大堆，继续下去没个头，赶紧转入正。 2013与2014的交接之日，我和娟子来到了位于湖北省赤壁市中伙铺镇一个叫莲花塘的小山村。好友的家依山傍水，风景秀丽。晚上吃饭的时候，好友叮嘱我俩说，天黑以后不能再出门，山里有不干净的东西，容易迷人。一切都入乡随俗吧，当晚听了好友的劝告，又详细的询问了去往纸棚郑家的路线，画好地图，就休息了。 第二天一大早，借了好友家的一辆摩托车，我和娟子就出发了。没想到山里的雾气这么大，能见度只有不足十米，只能慢慢的摸索前行。 途中摔倒在一滩烂泥中，苦了娟子，从摩托车后座上掉下去，腿都跪到了泥里。我还好，腿长站住了哈哈。 幸亏我和娟子两人穿的都是滑雪裤，防风防水效果很好。找到了一条小河，用湿毛巾擦了半天，就恢复如初了。 路上没有行人，沿途的几个小山村也几乎见不到人影。想打听一下路真是困难。终于在这个房子前看到了一个中年人，向他问路，他还不会说普通话，费了好大的劲儿，我才知道那个神秘的洞穴就在后面的山中。 太阳出来了，慢慢驱散了浓雾。这里也是典型的喀斯特地貌，弃车徒步，山里的轮廓依稀可辨。虽然山路难行，但正好运动一下，身上也能暖和暖和。 又见到一个砍柴的山民，再次询问了一下，确定了方位，终于在半山腰一片杂草丛中看到了洞口！ 我和娟子奋力爬了上去，向黑漆漆的洞里观察，里面寂静无声。这个神秘而又恐怖的洞穴，会有什么等待我俩呢？进洞之前，我问娟子怕不怕，女汉子依旧坚定的摇头。简单准备了一下照明工具及绳索，深吸几口气，我俩就小心的踏入洞穴。 户外运动在大多数人的眼中是高山、白云、绿地、丛林……的代名词,是一项充满了阳光、鸟语、花香、活力与激情的运动。然而探洞者却用一种另类的玩法诠释户外运动,向我们展示了坚忍不拔、勇于探索的户外精神。我和娟子属于业余选手，装备和人员配备的不足，都足以致命。每次探洞，我俩都只能依靠经验和洞穴知识来保护自己，尽量的预见危险，躲避危险。这片未知的领域中，对我俩充满了诱惑，这些是很多人不能体验到的。 娟子戴的摩托车头盔是半覆式的，视线开阔。 而我戴的摩托车头盔，是全覆式的，眼睛只能看到正前方，但上下左右的视线都被遮挡，所以只能把头盔扔在洞外了。一切加倍小心吧，免得撞个头破血流。 脚下虽不平坦，但也可以勉强行进。在强光手电的光柱照射下，前面除了黑，就是一片雾茫茫。我不知道洞穴中哪个方位是东南角，不过还是按照鬼吹灯的老规矩，点燃一支蜡烛。仔细观察，火苗没有变化，燃烧正常，证明洞穴内的空气流通较好。然后收了蜡烛，绷紧神经，高度集中注意力，继续向深处走去。 沿途的洞道，还算宽阔。脑海里不禁想起人们所说这个洞穴中的两条巨龙，心里也有一丝忐忑。在洞口的时候，我就问过娟子：“如果真的遇到了龙，怎么办？” 女汉子轻描淡写的回答说：“那就认命吧！” 是啊，要是真的遇到了，除了认命，还有别的可以选择吗？ 洞内的雾气明显比外面的雾气还要浓，湿度也很大，这是由于洞内外巨大的温差造成的。如果继续深入，雾气就会逐渐消失。洞腔上布满了密密麻麻的正在发育的鹅管，饱含碳酸钙的水，一滴一滴落下来，给这寂静黑暗的世界带来了一丝生机。 洞道一直向下延伸，从钙华的发育生长来看，没有人类破坏的迹象，这一点让我和娟子非常欣慰。应该是恐怖的传说，洞穴才能得以保存完好。 我俩也非常小心，除了脚印，尽量不给洞穴留下任何痕迹。 沿途的支洞，有大有小，有深有浅，我俩只是简单看一眼，就继续顺着主通道前行。我和娟子在探洞方面，积累了一点经验，如果不是特别相似的岔路，一般不做记。 在进入洞穴大概三四百米处，我突然发现有绿色植物！不可能啊！没有一丝光线的洞穴中，怎么会有绿色植物呢？ 我蹲下身，仔细观察，认出这是几株菖蒲。菖蒲，为多年水生草本植物，该物种为中国植物图谱数据库收录的有毒植物，其毒性为全株有毒，根茎毒性较大。口服多量时会产生强烈的幻视。呵呵，鬼吹灯第一部——精绝古城中的尸香魔芋我没发现，却在这洞里发现了菖蒲，毕竟这两种植物，都有相似之处啊。 我和娟子曾在洞穴最深处，发现过透明植物，无枝叶，却开花。所以说，每次的探险，都能有新的发现，都能学到新的知识，这也是我俩热衷于此的原因。 就在距离这几株菖蒲不远处，又发现了一根动物的腿骨！很粗很大，不是人类的，应该是牛马之类的动物骨骸。其实在洞穴中发现这种东西并不稀奇，但这个洞穴既然有巨蟒的传闻，就不禁让人紧张了。由于我的相机，刚进洞的时候，镜头上了一层雾，拍照不是很清楚，所以我打算回来的时候再拍这根腿骨，可惜的是，回来的时候竟然忘了，遗憾啊！ 继续向前走吧。眼前的雾气逐渐消退，视线变的清晰起来。我再次点燃蜡烛，火苗依旧没有变化。巨大的钟乳石开始出现，钙华发育多种多样，这让我和娟子很高兴。 这里出现了第一个洞厅，面积大概有近百平方。洞穴一般由狭窄的通道和宽敞的洞厅组成。大厅往往是几条通道相会的地方，且乱石密布。从通道进大厅容易，从大厅找通道口难。所以，当从一条狭窄的通道进入一个宽敞的洞厅时，一般都要在入口处作好反光路。不过这个洞厅的支洞在洞穴上方，所以我也没有必要做记了。 在神秘的洞中穿行，总是有独特的异景。 有活矫捷现的钟乳石，有各类的石笋石花色如白玉，质如凝脂；有壮美的洞窟瀑布，有神秘的洞中湖、洞中泉，雾气弥漫有如仙境。置身在这神奇的世界中，会使人忘了危险的存在。 一只纯黑色的，巨大的蝙蝠，孤单单的悬吊在洞壁边。我和娟子在三探雨扇洞的时候，曾遭到一只巨大蝙蝠的攻击，那只蝙蝠展开双翼能达到近一米！娟子眼疾手快的抢拍下来了。 这只蝙蝠的个头也不小，身长大概二十多厘米，如果张开翅膀，也会很惊人！平时我和 娟子探洞所见的蝙蝠都是灰色的果蝠，而这只蝙蝠明显不同于其他果蝠，应该属于食肉蝠。我慢慢靠近它，打开闪光灯近摄了一张，还好没惊动它，蝙蝠所携带的狂犬病毒可不是闹着玩儿的！ 探洞的危险性，主要表现在地下水暴涨、毒气、迷路、野外动物以及洞顶落石等，所以，每一次探洞，都需要做足安全保障。同时探洞是技术性很强的活动，是对体能、技巧、经验等各方面最全面的体现，洞穴探险不像登山运动那样有终点目，甚至不知道等在旅途前面的是惊人的发现，还是艰难的挑战，这种未知性就是洞穴探险的最大魅力。洞穴探险可以分为两种：即水洞探险和干洞探险。 水洞的探险：水洞，是指洞内有常年地下水流的岩溶洞穴。水洞中探险有两种。一种是在地下廊道里有自由水面。一种情况是洞道没顶，全部充水或倒缸吸管。 干洞的探险：干洞是脱离了自由水面的化石洞，发育在地势较高的地方，发育的历史较长，洞内往往被各种多彩多姿的钟乳石所装饰。 目前我和娟子还不能确定这个洞穴到底属于哪一种类型，不过这个洞穴系统还是比较复杂。([]
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